Ghica, aristocratic family in Wallachia and Moldavia, playing an important role in the politics during the XVII–XIX centuries. Gheorghe G. ruler in Moldavia (1658–1659) and in Wallachia (1659–1660); he moved the capital to Bucharest; Grigore Gheorghe G. ruler in Wallachia (1660–1664, 1672–1673), son to Gheorghe G.; he allied first with the Cantacuzin boyars, but afterwards he ordered the execution of the Senechal Constantin Cantacuzino and consequently prosecuted all the clan; Grigore G. ruler in Moldavia (1726–1733, 1735–1741, 1747–1748) and in Wallachia (1733–1735, 1748–1752); he graecized the administration and led an excesive fiscal politics; supported by Hrisant Notara, he developed the educational system; Matei G. (1753–1756) ruler in Wallachia and Moldavia; he put very high taxes on the people; he supported the printing of «The GhiculeSti Chronicle»; Grigore G., nephew to Grigore G. and ruler of Moldavia (1764–1767,1774–1777); he founded an fiscal establishment and created a system of rules of the employees to prevent abuses; in 1775, he made a formal protest against the cession of Northern Moldavia (Basarabia); he set up a thick cloth manufacture; killed by the Turks because of his pro-Russian politics; Grigore Dimitrie G. ruler in Wallachia (1822–1828), the first native ruler after the Fanariot period; Alexandru D. G. ruler in Wallachia (1834–1842), brother to Grigore Dimitrie G., banished by the Turks because of the changes he made in the items of the Organic Regulations, which was the code of laws of the country; as Caimacan (1856–1858) he was in favour of the union of the Romanian countries; Grigore Alexandru G. ruler of Moldavia (1849–1856), he revised the agrar system, encouraged public enterprises and was preocupied by the organization of the educational system; in favour of the Union; Dimitrie G. (Beizadea Mitica) (1816–1897), son to Grigore Dimitrie G.; political personality, Prime Minister (1868–1870); Ion G. (1816 Bucharest–1897) writer, economist and political personality; participant in the 1848 revolution, in favour of the Union; several times minister (1866–1867, 1870–1871); the first Romanian professor of economics, member of the Academy; he kept courses at the Mihaileana Academy; published in «Convorbiri economice», memorialistic pages (Letters to Vasile Alexandri); Ion Gr. G. (1829 IaSi–1891), general and political personality, several times minister, diplomatic agent at Constantinople durind the Independence War (1877).